Food Insecurity Reduces the Chance of Following a Nutrient-Dense Dietary Pattern by Brazilian Adults: Insights from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.

Dietary patterns derived by data-driven techniques are still scarce in the food security context and may be a useful tool to inform policymakers to promote adequate and healthy diets for vulnerable populations. We investigated the association between food security status and dietary patterns among 28,127 Brazilian adults using data from the 2017-2018 Household Budget Survey. Food security status was measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Food items reported in two 24 h dietary recalls were combined into food groups. Dietary patterns were derived from exploratory factor analysis, and participants were grouped according to their factor scores by K-means cluster analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the association between food security status and clusters of adherence to dietary patterns. Four dietary patterns were derived: 'Brazilian breakfast style' (cluster 3), 'Brazilian Traditional staple foods' (cluster 2), 'Beverages, ready-to-eat and convenience foods' (cluster 4), and 'Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains' (cluster 1). After adjustments, food insecurity was inversely associated with adherence to the 'Fruits vegetables, and whole grains' pattern (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63-0.89). Findings suggest food insecurity negatively impact the adoption of a nutrient-dense dietary pattern and highlight the critical role of policy actions in a scenario of increasing food insecurity.

Principal Component Analysis and Factor Analysis: differences and similarities in Nutritional Epidemiology application.

INTRODUCTION: Statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA) are increasingly popular in Nutritional Epidemiology studies. However, misunderstandings regarding the choice and application of these methods have been observed. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare and present the main differences and similarities between FA and PCA, focusing on their applicability to nutritional studies. METHODS: PCA and FA were applied on a matrix of 34 variables expressing the mean food intake of 1,102 individuals from a population-based study. RESULTS: Two factors were extracted and, together, they explained 57.66% of the common variance of food group variables, while five components were extracted, explaining 26.25% of the total variance of food group variables. Among the main differences of these two methods are: normality assumption, matrices of variance-covariance/correlation and its explained variance, factorial scores, and associated error. The similarities are: both analyses are used for data reduction, the sample size usually needs to be big, correlated data, and they are based on matrices of variance-covariance. CONCLUSION: PCA and FA should not be treated as equal statistical methods, given that the theoretical rationale and assumptions for using these methods as well as the interpretation of results are different.

Eating behaviours and dietary intake associations with self-reported sleep duration of free-living Brazilian adults.

Sleep duration in modern societies has been decreasing over the past decades and many environmental and behaviour factors contribute with. Evidence have shown that individuals with short sleep duration have worse eating behaviours and dietary intakes than those with adequate sleep. This study aimed to describe eating behaviours and dietary intakes of Brazilian adults and investigate their associations with self-reported sleep duration encompassing aspects of chrono-nutrition. Demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle, sleep duration and dietary data were obtained from an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire of the cross-sectional population-based study, 2015 ISA-Capital, (n = 1081 adults, ≥20y). The independent associations between sleep duration (categories: ≤6 h, 7-8 h, and ≥9 h) and dietary variables were assessed after adjustment for covariates. Employment status, physical activity, number of chronic diseases and day of recalled intake were significantly associated with sleep duration categories (p < 0.05). Short duration sleepers (≤6 h) showed the largest probabilities of eating breakfast and snacks. Snacks contributed to 23% of total energy intake and provided the largest amounts of total and added sugar than other eating occasions among short duration sleepers. Long duration sleepers (≥9 h) exhibited lower probability of consumption of the three main meals, lower energy and nutrient intakes in the morning, lower eating frequency and shorter eating period. Irrespective of sleep duration, the largest contribution to total energy intake was in the afternoon (43-46%), followed by the evening (30-32%) and morning (22-25%) periods. In conclusion, sleep duration was associated with different dietary intakes and eating behaviours among Brazilian adults. The largest energy intakes in the afternoon and evening periods signalize the relevance to consider the timing of food consumption aside sleep duration as a target to nutritional counseling for prevention of circadian misalignment and related metabolic disturbances.

Principal Component Analysis and Factor Analysis: differences and similarities in Nutritional Epidemiology application / Análise de Componentes Principais e Análise Fatorial: diferenças e similaridades na aplicação em Epidemiologia Nutricional

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA) are increasingly popular in Nutritional Epidemiology studies. However, misunderstandings regarding the choice and application of these methods have been observed. Objectives: This study aims to compare and present the main differences and similarities between FA and PCA, focusing on their applicability to nutritional studies. Methods: PCA and FA were applied on a matrix of 34 variables expressing the mean food intake of 1,102 individuals from a population-based study. Results: Two factors were extracted and, together, they explained 57.66% of the common variance of food group variables, while five components were extracted, explaining 26.25% of the total variance of food group variables. Among the main differences of these two methods are: normality assumption, matrices of variance-covariance/correlation and its explained variance, factorial scores, and associated error. The similarities are: both analyses are used for data reduction, the sample size usually needs to be big, correlated data, and they are based on matrices of variance-covariance. Conclusion: PCA and FA should not be treated as equal statistical methods, given that the theoretical rationale and assumptions for using these methods as well as the interpretation of results are different.

RESUMO: Introdução: Métodos estatísticos de análise multivariada, tais como Análise de Componentes Principais e Análise Fatorial, têm sido cada vez mais utilizados nos estudos em Epidemiologia Nutricional, no entanto equívocos quanto à escolha e aplicação dos métodos são observados. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo são comparar e apresentar as principais diferenças e similaridades conceituais e metodológicas entre Análise de Componentes Principais e Análise Fatorial visando à aplicabilidade nos estudos em nutrição. Métodos: Análise de Componentes Principais e Análise Fatorial foram aplicadas em uma matriz de 34 grupos de alimentos que expressaram o consumo alimentar médio de 1.102 indivíduos de um estudo populacional. Resultados: Um total de dois fatores foi extraído e juntos explicaram 57,66% da variância comum entre as variáveis dos grupos alimentares, enquanto um total de cinco componentes foi extraído e juntos explicaram 26,25% da variância total. Entre as principais diferenças envolvendo os dois métodos estão: pressuposto de normalidade; as matrizes de variância-covariância/correlação, com consequente quantidade de variância explicada; a carga fatorial/componente e o erro associado. Entre as similaridades estão: ambas as técnicas são usadas para redução de dados; necessitam de um grande tamanho de amostra; os dados precisam ser correlacionados e são baseadas nas matrizes de variância-covariância/correlação. Conclusão: Análise de Componentes Principais e Análise Fatorial não devem ser tratadas como métodos estatísticos iguais e intercambiáveis, uma vez que o racional teórico e os pressupostos para o uso dos métodos, assim como a interpretação dos resultados, são diferentes.

Validation of self-reported diabetes in a representative sample of São Paulo city.

OBJECTIVE To validate the self-reported diabetes mellitus in adults and older adults living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS We have used data of 569 subjects (284 adults and 285 older adults), participants of the population-based cross-sectional study Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (Health Survey of São Paulo). Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) and/or use of drugs (oral hypoglycemic and/or insulin) defined the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. We have validated the self-reported diabetes mellitus by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values. We have used Poisson regression with robust variance to verify the factors associated with the sensitivity of the self-reported datum. For all analyses, we have considered the sample design of the study. RESULTS The sensitivity of self-reported diabetes mellitus was 63.8% (95%CI 49.2-76.3), specificity was 99.7% (95%CI 99.1-99.9), positive predictive value was 95.5% (95%CI 84.4-98.8), and negative predictive value was 96.9% (95%CI 94.9-98.2). The correct reporting of diabetes mellitus was more prevalent among older adults (PR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.2-3.5) than among adults. CONCLUSIONS The use of the datum of self-reported diabetes mellitus is valid, especially among older adults living in the city of São Paulo. The results highlight the need to track diabetes mellitus in asymptomatic subjects who have one or more risk factors for it, mainly in the adult population of this city.

Dairy products consumption in Brazil is associated with socioeconomic and demographic factors: Results from the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009 / Consumo de lácteos e derivados no Brasil está associado com fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos: resultados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the consumption of dairy products in the Brazilian population. Methods: Data from two non-consecutive food records from 34,003 individuals (aged ³10 years) in the first Brazilian nationally representative dietary survey (2008-2009) were used to estimate the dairy products intake. Dairy products were divided into four major subgroups: cow's milk, cheese, yogurt and other dairy products. Absolute and relative frequencies of individuals in the population who reported consumption of dairy products in at least one of the two-day food record according to sex, age, geographic region and levels of per capita monthly family income were calculated. Moreover, the mean consumption of dairy products, as well as their nutritional contribution in total energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium intake was estimated. Results: It was observed that only 43.0% of the population reported consuming dairy products, being the milk subgroup the most frequently consumed (21.1%). The prevalence of consumption was higher among females, elderly, residents of the South region, and among individuals from higher per capita monthly family income. The nutritional contribution of dairy products was less than 10.0% of total energy intake and for most nutrients and the mean daily consumption are justified was 101.8g. Conclusion: Therefore, in view of the low intake of dairy products by Brazilian population and the nutritional benefits associated with this food group, public health strategies to increase dairy consumption are justified.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar o consumo de produtos lácteos pela população brasileira. Métodos: Dados de consumo alimentar obtidos por meio de registro alimentar de dois dias não-consecutivos de 34.003 indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade participantes do Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (2008-2009) foram utilizados para estimar o consumo de produtos lácteos. Os produtos lácteos foram divididos em quatro subgrupos maiores: leite, queijo, iogurte e outros lácteos. Frequências absolutas e relativas de indivíduos da população que reportaram consumir os produtos lácteos em pelo menos um dos registros alimentares foram calculadas conforme sexo, idade, região geográfica e níveis de renda familiar mensal per capita. Além disso, estimou-se a quantidade média de consumo dos produtos lácteos, assim como sua contribuição para a ingestão de energia total, proteína, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio. Resultados: Observou-se que apenas 43,0% da população consome produtos lácteos, sendo o leite o produto mais frequentemente consumido (21,1%). A prevalência de consumo foi superior entre o sexo feminino, os idosos e os indivíduos residentes na região Sul e pertencentes aos maiores estratos de renda familiar per capita. A contribuição nutricional dos produtos lácteos para a ingestão de energia e para a maioria dos nutrientes avaliados foi inferior a 10,0% e seu consumo médio diário foi de 101.8g. Conclusão: Tendo em vista o baixo consumo de produtos lácteos pela população brasileira e os benefícios associados a este grupo de alimentos, justificam-se estratégias de saúde pública para o aumento do consumo deste grupo de alimentos.

Proposal for a breakfast quality index for brazilian population: Rationale and application in the Brazilian National Dietary Survey.

Breakfast has been related to positive nutrition and health outcomes, but criteria for an optimal composition of this meal are not well established. The aim of this study was to propose a breakfast quality index (BQI) for the Brazilian population, and to describe the relationship between breakfast quality, socio-demographic factors, dietary intake at breakfast and for the total day. BQI was constructed based on individual dietary data of 22,279 breakfast consumers, aged 20+ years from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey, a population-based cross-sectional study. The BQI was comprised of food components (cereals, fruit/vegetables, dairy products), and nutrient criteria (energy, fiber, free sugar, saturated fat, calcium and sodium). Mean, percentage and 95% CIs were estimated for variables according to BQI categories. The mean BQI was 4.2, with 71% of individuals falling into medium BQI category and 6% in high category. Individuals in urban areas, in higher categories of income and education and women had higher BQI means. Consumers with high BQI had higher intake of fruits/vegetables and higher breakfast and total daily intake of energy, carbohydrates, fiber, total sugar, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate and vitamins B6, A, C, and D, and lower trans fatty acids compared to those in low and medium BQI groups. Promoting a high-quality breakfast may contribute to a better nutrient intake and achievement of daily requirements.

Validation of self-reported diabetes in a representative sample of São Paulo city

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To validate the self-reported diabetes mellitus in adults and older adults living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS We have used data of 569 subjects (284 adults and 285 older adults), participants of the population-based cross-sectional study Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (Health Survey of São Paulo). Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) and/or use of drugs (oral hypoglycemic and/or insulin) defined the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. We have validated the self-reported diabetes mellitus by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values. We have used Poisson regression with robust variance to verify the factors associated with the sensitivity of the self-reported datum. For all analyses, we have considered the sample design of the study. RESULTS The sensitivity of self-reported diabetes mellitus was 63.8% (95%CI 49.2–76.3), specificity was 99.7% (95%CI 99.1–99.9), positive predictive value was 95.5% (95%CI 84.4–98.8), and negative predictive value was 96.9% (95%CI 94.9–98.2). The correct reporting of diabetes mellitus was more prevalent among older adults (PR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.2–3.5) than among adults. CONCLUSIONS The use of the datum of self-reported diabetes mellitus is valid, especially among older adults living in the city of São Paulo. The results highlight the need to track diabetes mellitus in asymptomatic subjects who have one or more risk factors for it, mainly in the adult population of this city.

Empirically derived dietary patterns: interpretability and construct validity according to different factor rotation methods.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of factor rotation methods on interpretability and construct validity of dietary patterns derived in a representative sample of 1,102 Brazilian adults. Dietary patterns were derived from exploratory factor analysis. Orthogonal (varimax) and oblique rotations (promax, direct oblimin) were applied. Confirmatory factor analysis assessed construct validity of the dietary patterns derived according to two factor loading cut-offs (≥ |0.20| and ≥ |0.25|). Goodness-of-fit indexes assessed the model fit. Differences in composition and in interpretability of the first pattern were observed between varimax and promax/oblimin at cut-off ≥ |0.20|. At cut-off ≥ |0.25|, these differences were no longer observed. None of the patterns derived at cut-off ≥ |0.20| showed acceptable model fit. At cut-off ≥ |0.25|, the promax rotation produced the best model fit. The effects of factor rotation on dietary patterns differed according to the factor loading cut-off used in exploratory factor analysis.

Empirically derived dietary patterns: interpretability and construct validity according to different factor rotation methods / Padrões alimentares empiricamente derivados: interpretabilidade e validade de construto segundo diferentes métodos de rotação fatorial / Patrones alimentarios empíricamente derivados: interpretabilidad y validez de constructo, según diferentes métodos de rotación en un análisis factorial

This study aimed to investigate the effects of factor rotation methods on interpretability and construct validity of dietary patterns derived in a representative sample of 1,102 Brazilian adults. Dietary patterns were derived from exploratory factor analysis. Orthogonal (varimax) and oblique rotations (promax, direct oblimin) were applied. Confirmatory factor analysis assessed construct validity of the dietary patterns derived according to two factor loading cut-offs (≥ -0.20- and ≥ -0.25-). Goodness-of-fit indexes assessed the model fit. Differences in composition and in interpretability of the first pattern were observed between varimax and promax/oblimin at cut-off ≥ -0.20-. At cut-off ≥ -0.25-, these differences were no longer observed. None of the patterns derived at cut-off ≥ -0.20- showed acceptable model fit. At cut-off ≥ -0.25-, the promax rotation produced the best model fit. The effects of factor rotation on dietary patterns differed according to the factor loading cut-off used in exploratory factor analysis.

Objetivou-se investigar os efeitos dos métodos de rotação fatorial na interpretabilidade e validade de construto de padrões alimentares em uma amostra representativa de 1.102 adultos brasileiros. Os padrões foram derivados por análise fatorial exploratória. As rotações ortogonal (varimax) e oblíqua (promax e oblimin direta) foram utilizadas. Avaliou-se a validade de construto dos padrões segundo os pontos de corte de cargas fatoriais: (≥ -0,20- e ≥ -0,25-) por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória. Índices de qualidade de ajuste do modelo foram analisados. Observaram-se diferenças na composição e interpretabilidade do primeiro padrão obtido pelas rotações varimax e promax/oblimin no ponto de corte ≥ -0,20-. No ponto de corte ≥ -0,25-, não foram observadas diferenças. Nenhum dos padrões derivados no ponto de corte ≥ -0,20- apresentou qualidade de ajuste aceitável. No ponto de corte ≥ -0,25-, a rotação promax obteve o melhor ajuste. Os efeitos das rotações nos padrões alimentares diferiram segundo o ponto de corte de carga fatorial utilizado na análise fato-rial exploratória.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de los métodos de rotación en la interpretabilidad y validez de un constructo de patrones alimentarios, derivados de una muestra representativa de 1.102 adultos brasileños. Los patrones se derivaron de un análisis factorial exploratorio. Se aplicaron las rotaciones ortogonal (varimax) y oblicua (promax, oblimin directa). La validez de constructo de los patrones fue evaluada por un análisis factorial confirmatorio, según los puntos de corte de cargas factoriales: (≥ -0,20- y ≥ -0.25-). Se analizaron los índices de ajuste del modelo. Se observaron diferencias en la composición e interpretación del primer factor entre varimax y promax/oblimin en el punto de corte ≥ -0,20-. En el punto de corte ≥ -0,25-, ya no se observaron diferencias. Ninguno de los patrones derivados en el punto de corte ≥ -0,20- presentaron un ajuste del modelo aceptable. En el punto de corte ≥ -0,25-, la rotación promax produjo el mejor ajuste. Los efectos de las rotaciones factoriales en los patrones fueron variables, según el punto de corte de carga factorial utilizado en análisis factorial exploratorio.

Betaína e Colina dietéticas relacionadas à homocisteína plasmática: estudo de base populacional, São Paulo, Brasil / Betaine and Choline Intakes are related to total plasma homocysteine: health survey of São Paulo, Brazil

Fundamentos: Elevadas concentrações de homocisteína plasmática (Hcyp) têm sido associadas ao risco aumentado de doenças cardiovasculares. A Hcyp pode ser diminuída por meio da remetilação à metionina, que usa folato ou betaína como doador do grupo metil.Objetivos: Avaliar a ingestão de betaína e colina e sua relação com a homocisteína em residentes do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Obtidos dados de 584 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, a partir do estudo de base populacional ISA-SP 2008. Médias geométricas de Hcyp foram analisadas de acordo com tercis de ingestão de colina e betaína e foi aplicado teste de tendência.Resultados: Foram analisados 584 indivíduos: 222 (38,0%) homens e 362 (62,0%) mulheres, com média de idade 55,0±19,0 anos. A prevalência de hiper-homocisteinemia foi maior entre os homens (28,0%), idosos (21,0%) e indivíduos com menor renda familiar (21,0%). Cerca de 31,0% dos indivíduos com hiper-homocisteinemia apresentou deficiência de folato (<7,5 nmol/L) e 26,0%, deficiência de vitamina B12 (<200 pmol/L). Observou-se diminuição nas médias geométricas de homocisteína conforme aumento nos tercis de betaína em ambos os sexos,adultos, eutróficos e em todas as categorias de escolaridade. A colina esteve relacionada à Hcyp em ambos os sexos, indivíduos de maior renda familiar, não fumantes e consumidores de bebidas alcoólicas. Conclusões: Este estudo sugere a importância da ingestão de betaína por sua associação inversa com a concentração de Hcyp em adultos e idosos do município de São Paulo. A colina desempenhou papel protetor em subgrupos específicos da população.

Background: High concentrations of plasma homocysteine (Hcyp) have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Hcyp can be decreased by remethylation to methionine, which uses folate or betaine as a donor of the methyl group. Objectives: To evaluate the intake of betaine and choline and its relation to homocysteine in residents of the city of São Paulo. Methods: Data from 584 individual, of both sexes, from the population-based study ISA-SP 2008. Geometric averages of Hcyp were analyzed according to choline and betaine intake tertiles and trend test was applied. Results: The study analyzed 584 individuals: 222 (38.0%) men and 362 (62.0%) women, mean age 55.0 ± 19.0 years. The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was higher among men (28.0%), the elderly (21.0%) and those with lower household income (21.0%). Approximately 31.0% of individual with hyperhomocysteinemia presented folate deficiency (<7.5 nmol/L) and 26.0% presented vitamin B12 deficiency (<200 pmol/L). There was a decrease in the geometric means of homocysteine according to an increase in betaine tertiles in both sexes, adults, normal and in all categories of education. Choline was related to Hcyp in both sexes, higherhousehold income individuals, non-smokers and alcohol consumers. Conclusions: This study suggests the importance of betaine intake due to its inverse relationship with the concentration of Hcyp in adults and elderly in the city of São Paulo. Choline played a protective role in specific subgroups of the population.

Dieta e fatores de riscos metabólicos para doença cardiovascular em adultos e idosos residentes no município de São Paulo: uma análise por modelos de equações estruturais / Diet and metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults and elderly residents in the city of São Paulo a structural equation model analysis

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo e apresentam importante contribuição para a carga global de doenças. A dieta tem sido considerada um dos determinantes primários do estado de saúde dos indivíduos, atuando na modulação dos fatores de risco metabólicos para doença cardiovascular. Objetivos: Desenvolver um modelo conceitual para a relação entre fatores de risco metabólicos e investigar sua associação com padrões de dieta de adultos e idosos residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra probabilística de adultos e idosos, residentes em área urbana do município de São Paulo, que participaram do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo, realizado em duas fases entre os anos de 2008 e 2011 (estudo ISA Capital 2008). Na primeira fase do estudo, 1.102 adultos e idosos, de ambos os sexos, foram entrevistados no domicílio, por meio da aplicação de questionário estruturado e do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Na segunda fase, 642 indivíduos adultos e idosos foram reavaliados quanto ao consumo alimentar por meio da aplicação, por telefone, do segundo recordatório alimentar, e, destes, 592 participaram da coleta domiciliar de amostras de sangue venoso, da medição antropométrica e da aferição da pressão arterial por técnico de enfermagem

Introduction: The cardiovascular diseases are the main causes of death in Brazil and worldwide, presenting an important contribution to the global burden of diseases. The diet has been considered one of the primary determinants of the population health, by modulating metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: To develop a conceptual model for the relationship between metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors and investigate its association with dietary patterns of adults and elderly residents in the city of São Paulo. Methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of adults and elderly living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, whom participated in the Health Survey of São Paulo (HS-SP): a study performed in two stages between 2008 and 2011. In the first stage, a total of 1,102 adults and elderly, both sexes, were interviewed at home by trained interviewers, who applied a structured questionnaire and collected a 24-hour dietary recall. In the second stage, a total of 642 adults and elderly were re-evaluated by the application of the second 24-hour dietary recall by telephone. Of these individuals, a total of 592 underwent a household collection of blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure assessment by a nurse assistant

[Underreporting of energy intake and associated factors in a population-based study]. / Sub-relato da ingestão energética e fatores associados em estudo de base populacional.

This study aimed to identify the prevalence of underreporting of energy intake and associated factors in a sample of 331 individuals from the population-based Health Survey in the City of São Paulo, Brazil. Energy intake was assessed by averaging two 24-hour recalls collected on nonconsecutive days. Total energy expenditure was calculated by the predictive equation, and under-reporters were defined as individuals with energy intake less than 2 standard deviations from the energy intake/predicted total energy expenditure ratio. Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with underreporting. Prevalence of underreporting of energy intake was 15.1%, whereas individuals with overweight and dissatisfied with body weight were more likely to underreport when compared to individuals without excess weight and who were satisfied with body weight, respectively. We conclude that these factors should be considered when developing techniques to improve the accuracy of dietary assessment.

Associations between dietary patterns and self-reported hypertension among Brazilian adults: a cross-sectional population-based study.

Hypertension is a prevalent cardiovascular disease, the important modifiable risk factor of which is diet. The aim of this study was to derive dietary patterns and to test associations with self-reported hypertension and other characteristics, namely demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. Data were obtained from the population-based cross-sectional study titled Health Survey of the City of São Paulo, with a random sample of residents of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, aged older than 20 years of both sexes (n=1,102). In 2008, a structured questionnaire with information about socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle, and dietary factors was applied. Dietary intake was estimated by two 24-hour dietary recalls, adjusted by Multiple Source Method. Dietary patterns were obtained through exploratory principal component factor analysis. Poisson regression was used to assess relationships. Three dietary patterns were identified: prudent (fruits, vegetables, whole-grain bread, white cheeses, juices, reduced-fat milk/nonfat milk), traditional (rice, beans, bread/toast/crackers, butter/margarine, whole milk, coffee/teas, sugar), and modern (sodas, pastries/sandwiches/pizzas, yellow cheeses, pastas, sauces, alcoholic beverages, sweets, processed meats). Hypertension and demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, as well as the presence of health insurance, were associated with adherence to one or more identified dietary patterns. These results suggest the existence of a target audience for planning and executing public policies of food and nutrition to prevent and control hypertension.

Inadequate nutrient intake among the Brazilian elderly: National Dietary Survey 2008-2009.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake in the Brazilian elderly. METHODS: This study was based on data from the National Dietary Survey, part of the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009. All individuals aged 60 and over, totaling 4,322 individuals, were included. Individual food intake was obtained from food records from two non-consecutive days. The habitual intake for each nutrient was estimated by the National Cancer Institute method, in which sex and region were included as covariates. The prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake was estimated stratified by sex and region using the EAR method to define cut-off points. RESULTS: A high prevalence of inadequate intake (> 50%) of vitamins E, D and A, calcium, magnesium and pyridoxine was observed for both sexes. In all regions, 100% inadequate vitamin E intake was observed. Vitamin D showed almost 100% inadequate intake except in the North region. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intake was higher than 70% in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions. Among the minerals evaluated, calcium and magnesium showed the highest prevalence of inadequate intake (> 80%) in all regions. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a high prevalence of inadequate intake of nutrients recognized as being protective against chronic diseases among the Brazilian elderly.

Ingestão inadequada de nutrientes na população de idosos do Brasil: Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009 / Inadequate nutrient intake among the Brazilian elderly: National Dietary Survey 2008-2009 / Ingestión inadecuada de nutrientes en la población de ancianos de Brasil: pesquisa nacional de alimentación 2008-2009

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de ingestão inadequada de nutrientes na população idosa brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação como parte da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares, em 2008-2009. Dados de consumo alimentar individual de 4.322 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais foram obtidos por meio do registro alimentar de dois dias não consecutivos. A ingestão habitual para cada nutriente foi estimada pelo método do National Cancer Institute, cujos modelos tiveram como covariáveis sexo e região. As prevalências de inadequação de ingestão de micronutrientes foram estimadas segundo sexo e região utilizando o método da EAR como ponte de corte. RESULTADOS: Elevadas prevalências de inadequação (> 50%) foram observadas para as vitaminas E, D, A, cálcio, magnésio e piridoxina em ambos os sexos. Em todas as regiões, observou-se 100% de inadequação de vitamina E. Vitamina D obteve percentuais de inadequação próximos de 100% em todas as regiões, exceto para a região Norte. As prevalências de inadequação de vitamina A foram superiores a 70% nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. Cálcio e magnésio foram os minerais com maior prevalência de ingestão inadequada (> 80%) em todas as regiões. CONCLUSÕES: Idosos brasileiros apresentam elevada inadequação da ingestão de nutrientes, reconhecidos como protetores contra doenças crônicas.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake in the Brazilian elderly. METHODS: This study was based on data from the National Dietary Survey, part of the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009. All individuals aged 60 and over, totaling 4,322 individuals, were included. Individual food intake was obtained from food records from two non-consecutive days. The habitual intake for each nutrient was estimated by the National Cancer Institute method, in which sex and region were included as covariates. The prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake was estimated stratified by sex and region using the EAR method to define cut-off points. RESULTS: A high prevalence of inadequate intake (> 50%) of vitamins E, D and A, calcium, magnesium and pyridoxine was observed for both sexes. In all regions, 100% inadequate vitamin E intake was observed. Vitamin D showed almost 100% inadequate intake except in the North region. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intake was higher than 70% in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions. Among the minerals evaluated, calcium and magnesium showed the highest prevalence of inadequate intake (> 80%) in all regions. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a high prevalence of inadequate intake of nutrients recognized as being protective against chronic diseases among the Brazilian elderly.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de ingestión inadecuada de nutrientes en la población anciana brasileña. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos de la Pesquisa Nacional de Alimentación como parte de la Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares, en 2008-2009. Datos de consumo alimentario individual de 4.322 individuos con 60 años o más se obtuvieron por medio de registro alimentario de dos días no consecutivos. La ingestión habitual para cada nutriente fue estimada por el método del National Cancer Institute, cuyos modelos tuvieron como co-variables sexo y región. Las prevalencias de inadecuación de ingestión de micronutrientes se estimaron según sexo y región utilizando el método de la EAR como punto de corte. RESULTADOS: Elevadas prevalencias de inadecuación (>50%) se observaron para las vitaminas E, D, A, calcio, magnesio y piridoxina en ambos sexos. En todas las regiones, se observó 100% de inadecuación de vitamina E. Vitamina D obtuvo porcentajes de inadecuación próximos a 100% en todas las regiones, excepto para la región Norte. Las prevalencias de inadecuación de vitamina A fueron superiores a 70% en las regiones Norte, Noreste y Centro-oeste. Calcio y magnesio fueron los minerales con mayor prevalencia de ingestión inadecuada (>80%) en todas las regiones. CONCLUSIONES: Ancianos brasileños presentaban elevada inadecuación de ingestión de nutrientes, reconocidos como protectores contra enfermedades crónicas.

Determinantes do consumo de frutas e hortaliças em adolescentes por regressão quantílica / Determinants of fruit and vegetable intake in adolescents using quantile regression / Determinantes del consumo de frutas y hortalizas en adolescentes por regresión cuantílica

OBJETIVO: Analisar o consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras (FLV) de adolescentes e identificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de 812 adolescentes de ambos os sexos de São Paulo, SP, em 2003. O consumo alimentar foi medido pelo recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. O consumo de FLV foi descrito em percentis e para investigar a associação entre a ingestão de FLV e variáveis explanatórias; foram utilizados modelos de regressão quantílica. RESULTADOS: Dos adolescentes entrevistados, 6,4 por cento consumiram a recomendação mínima de 400 g/dia de FLV e 22 por cento não consumiram nenhum tipo de FLV. Nos modelos de regressão quantílica, ajustados pelo consumo energético, faixa etária e sexo, a renda domiciliar per capita e a escolaridade do chefe de família associaram-se positivamente ao consumo de FLV, enquanto o hábito de fumar associou-se negativamente. Renda associou-se significativamente aos menores percentis de ingestão (p20 ao p55); tabagismo aos percentis intermediários (p45 ao p75) e escolaridade do chefe de família aos percentis finais de consumo de FLV (p70 ao p95). CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de FLV por adolescentes paulistanos mostrou-se abaixo das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde e é influenciado pela renda domiciliar per capita, pela escolaridade do chefe de família e pelo hábito de fumar.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze fruit and vegetable intake in adolescents and to identify associated factors. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 812 adolescents of both sexes in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2003. Food consumption was measured with the 24-hour dietary recall. Fruit and vegetable intake was described in percentiles. Quantile regression models were used to investigate the association between this intake and explanatory variables. RESULTS: Of all adolescents interviewed, 6.4 percent consumed the minimum recommendation of 400 g/day of fruits and vegetables and 22 percent did not consume any type of fruits and vegetables. According to quantile regression models, adjusted for energy intake, age group and sex, per capita household income and head of household's level of education were positively associated with fruit and vegetable intake, whereas smoking habit showed a negative association. Income was significantly associated with lower intake percentiles (p20 to p55); smoking, with intermediate percentiles (p45 to p75); and head of household's level of education, with higher percentiles (p70 to 95). CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents of São Paulo was below the Ministry of Health's recommendations and it is influenced by per capita household income, head of family's level of education and smoking habit.

OBJETIVO: Analizar el consumo de frutas, legumbres y verduras (FLV) de adolescentes e identificar factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de base poblacional con muestra representativa de 812 adolescentes de ambos sexos de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil, en 2003. El consumo alimentario fue medido por el recordatorio alimentario de 24 horas. El consumo de FLV fue descrito en percentiles y para investigar la asociación entre la ingestión de FLV y variables explicativas fueron utilizados modelos de regresión cuantílica. RESULTADOS: De los adolescentes entrevistados, 6,4 por ciento consumieron la recomendación mínima de 400g/día de FLV y 22 por ciento no consumieron ningún tipo de FLV. En los modelos de regresión cuantílica, ajustados por el consumo energético, el intervalo etario y sexo, la renta domiciliar per capita y la escolaridad del jefe de familia se asociaron positivamente al consumo de FLV, mientras que el hábito de fumar se asoció negativamente. Renta se asoció significativamente a los menores percentiles de ingestión (p20 al p55); tabaquismo a los percentiles intermediarios (p45 al p75) y escolaridad del jefe de familia a los percentiles finales de consumo de FLV (p70 al p95). CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de FLV por adolescentes de Sao Paulo se mostró por debajo de las recomendaciones del Ministerio de la Salud Brasileño y es influenciado por la renta domiciliaria per capita, por la escolaridad del jefe de familia y por el hábito de fumar.

Determinants of fruit and vegetable intake in adolescents using quantile regression.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze fruit and vegetable intake in adolescents and to identify associated factors. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 812 adolescents of both sexes in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2003. Food consumption was measured with the 24-hour dietary recall. Fruit and vegetable intake was described in percentiles. Quantile regression models were used to investigate the association between this intake and explanatory variables. RESULTS: Of all adolescents interviewed, 6.4% consumed the minimum recommendation of 400 g/day of fruits and vegetables and 22% did not consume any type of fruits and vegetables. According to quantile regression models, adjusted for energy intake, age group and sex, per capita household income and head of household's level of education were positively associated with fruit and vegetable intake, whereas smoking habit showed a negative association. Income was significantly associated with lower intake percentiles (p20 to p55); smoking, with intermediate percentiles (p45 to p75); and head of household's level of education, with higher percentiles (p70 to 95). CONCLUSIONS: Fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents of São Paulo was below the Ministry of Health's recommendations and it is influenced by per capita household income, head of family's level of education and smoking habit.

Variabilidade intrapessoal e interpessoal da ingestão de nutrientes de crianças brasileiras / Within - and between - person variability of nutrient intakes among Brazilians children

Introdução: A precisão e a confiabilidade das estimativas do consumo alimentar são os principais desafios nos estudos sobre nutrição e saúde, visto que a medida dietética não é isenta de erros e que a dieta humana é de natureza variável. Um dos principais componentes de variabilidade da dieta é a variação intrapessoal, que representa a variação da ingestão dos indivíduos ao longo dos dias. Do ponto de vista estatístico, a variância intrapessoal constitui uma importante fonte de erro na análise e interpretação dos dados dietéticos por atenuar medidas de associação, como coeficientes de regressão e risco relativo, e aumentar a proporção dos indivíduos nos extremos da curva de distribuição. Objetivos: Estimar a razão de variâncias da ingestão de energia e nutrientes e calcular o número de medidas dietéticas necessárias à estimativa do consumo habitual de crianças brasileiras. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em 2007 que coletou dados de 3150 crianças de 1 a 6 anos matriculadas em creches e pré-escolas das cidades de Manaus, Natal, Recife, Brasília, Cuiabá, Rio de Janeiro, Viçosa, São Paulo e Caxias do Sul. Em cada cidade, foram avaliadas 250 crianças de creches públicas e 100 de creches particulares. Dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos e de consumo alimentar foram coletados. A pesagem direta de alimentos e o registro alimentar foram os métodos de avaliação do consumo adotados. Modelos de regressão multinível com variância de estrutura complexa foram utilizados para estimar a variância intrapessoal e a variância interpessoal segundo faixa etária (1 a 2 anos; 3 a 6 anos). A variância intrapessoal foi obtida para cada criança e modelada como uma função linear da idade. Calculou-se o número de dias baseado nas razões de variâncias dos nutrientes e no coeficiente de correlação (r) entre a ingestão observada e a ingestão habitual...